BackgroundHeart rate variability (HRV) is believed to possess the potential for disease detection.However, early identification of heart disease remains STRATEGI AKTIF PASIF DALAM OPTIMALISASI PORTOFOLIO SAHAM INDEKS LQ-45 challenging, as HRV analysis in dogs primarily reflects the advanced stages of the disease.Hypothesis/objectiveThe aim of this study is to compare 24-h HRV with sleep HRV to assess the potential utility of sleep HRV analysis.AnimalsThirty healthy dogs with no echocardiographic abnormalities were included in the study, comprising 23 females and 7 males ranging in age from 2 months to 8 years (mean [standard deviation], 1.4 [1.
6]).MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional study.24-h HRV and sleep HRV were measured from 48-h Holter recordings.Both linear analysis, a traditional method of heart rate variability analysis, and nonlinear analysis, a novel approach, were conducted.Additionally, circadian rhythm parameters were assessed.
ResultsIn frequency analysis of linear analysis, the parasympathetic index nHF was significantly higher during sleep compared to the mean 24-h period (mean sleep HRV [standard deviation] vs.mean 24 h [standard deviation], 95% confidence interval, p value, r-family: 0.24 [0.057] vs.0.
23 [0.045], 0.006–0.031, p = 0.005, r = 0.
49).Regarding time domain analysis, the parasympathetic indices SDNN and RMSSD were also significantly higher during sleep (SDNN: 179.7 [66.9] vs.156.
6 [53.2], 14.5–31.7, p < 0.001, r = 0.
71 RMSSD: 187.0 [74.0] vs.165.4 [62.
2], 13.2–30.0, p < 0.001, r = 0.70).
In a geometric method of nonlinear analysis, the parasympathetic indices SD1 and SD2 showed significantly higher values during sleep (SD1: 132.4 [52.4] vs.117.1 [44.
0], 9.3–21.1, p < 0.001, r = 0.70 SD2: 215.
0 [80.5] vs.185.9 [62.0], 17.
6–40.6, p < 0.001, r = 0.69).Furthermore, the circadian rhythm items of the parasympathetic indices SDNN, RMSSD, SD1, and SD2 exhibited positive peaks during sleep.
ConclusionThe findings suggest that focusing on HRV during sleep can provide a more accurate representation of parasympathetic SEJARAH PENGUASAAN SUMBER DAYA PESISIR DAN LAUT DI TELUK TOMINI activity, as it captures the peak circadian rhythm items.